If your dog shows symptoms of this disease, seek veterinary advice as soon as possible
Dog owners are encouraged to stay vigilant for the symptoms of a ‘serious zoonotic disease’ that can spread from pets to humans. While the illness is relatively uncommon in the UK, outbreaks usually occur in connection with rainfall and flooding, which are more frequent at this time of year.
The infection of focus is leptospirosis – a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by bacterial strains known as Leptospira. In dogs, this can circulate through the bloodstream before settling in the kidneys and liver.
Veterinary experts at PDSA explain that this condition can cause several distressing symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhoea, coughing, jaundice, difficulty breathing and lethargy, among others. While some dogs can recover without treatment, leptospirosis is considered a medical emergency that should receive immediate veterinary attention to ensure the best possible outcome.
“Some dogs show no or very few symptoms but can still spread the disease,” the PDSA advises. “Sadly, a dog can die within just two days of showing symptoms, so contact your vet immediately if you notice any of the symptoms mentioned above.”
Meanwhile, other specialists at PetMD warn: “Leptospirosis is a serious zoonotic disease that affects dogs and humans, caused by the Leptospira bacteria and spread primarily through contaminated water. Symptoms vary widely, from mild to severe, and can affect the kidneys, liver, and other organs, making early veterinary attention critical.”
Dogs typically contract leptospirosis through contact with infected urine, which may come from rats, farm animals, or even other dogs. Beyond physical contact, dogs can also catch it by drinking contaminated water from puddles, drains, streams, or even by licking urine.
Humans can become similarly infected through direct contact with urine, which can enter the body via cuts, abrasions, or even through the nose and eyes. Although some people exhibit few or no symptoms, in others it can cause multi-systemic illness and sometimes death.
Like in dogs, signs of leptospirosis in humans may include diarrhoea, nausea, and jaundice, as well as high temperatures, body aches, and headaches. Human cases are uncommon in the UK but are more frequent among those who work with animals.
Official UK Government advice, updated last year, explains: “Humans can become infected through direct exposure to animal urine, or exposure to urine contaminated environments, such as canals, rivers and lakes.
“The bacteria can enter the body through the skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth), particularly if the skin is broken or waterlogged. Transmission via animal bites and person-to-person transmission are rare.
“Leptospirosis is most commonly transmitted by water contaminated with urine, so outbreaks are often associated with heavy rainfall and flooding. Infection is particularly common among agricultural workers who are more likely to be exposed to infected rodents, livestock, and water sources.
“Other high-risk occupations include military personnel, veterinary staff, pest control, construction, and canal workers. Leptospirosis is also associated with water-based recreational activities including wild swimming and water sports.”
Fortunately, leptospirosis can be treated in both humans and dogs, typically with a course of antibiotics. Dogs and other animals can also get vaccinations to help avoid more serious symptoms.
To help reduce the risk of infection, the UK Government previously outlined eight other measures to consider. These include:
- Handwashing after contact with animals or exposure to water that might be contaminated with animal urine
- Cleaning wounds as soon as possible after exposure
- Showering as soon as possible after exposure
- Wearing protective clothing when appropriate
- Covering cuts and grazes with waterproof plasters
- Vaccinating domestic dogs against leptospirosis
- Avoiding contact with rodents and putting prevention and control measures in place where necessary
- Avoiding swimming and watersports in areas where contamination levels are high
Its guidance adds: “NHS UK has further information on leptospirosis, including symptoms and prevention.”
